Automated Student Attendance free essay sample

It uses Fingerprint Biometrics to check that the student is really attending the class. Student attendance and information are stored in a database connected to a server and can be accessed by parents using their android phones. The system allows the administrator to enroll the students in a particular course. Teachers and parents have the privilege to access the number of absences of the students. The students need to sign in and sign out in a particular station as a basis of their attendance. Upon completion, parents and instructors can monitor the attendance status of their children through this mobile application. It is designed for Android platform and that the parents are using Android phones for this project. Another purpose of developing this project is to automate the manual attendance of the students in University of San Jose Recoletos. Parents send their children to school for education. They spend thousands of pesos just to have their children be educated in universities or colleges. We will write a custom essay sample on Automated Student Attendance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are some parents who are far from their children’s school, especially those who live in provinces and their children are studying in the city, thus create hindrance in actual supervision. One of the parents’ problems is the class attendance or performance of their children. They don’t know whether or not their children are attending their respective classes. The team comes up with a solution to this problem, the Automated Student Attendance using Fingerprint Biometrics designed for Android Smart phone. The system is used to automate the manual checking of students’ attendance. It uses fingerprint Biometrics to check if the student is really attending the class. Student attendance and information are stored in a database connected to a server and can be accessed through an android phone. The system only allows the administrator to enroll the students in a particular course. The teachers and parents have the privilege to access the number of absences of the student. The system also allows the students to sign in and sign out in the biometrics as basis of their attendance. The parents who have the student id number of their children have the privilege to monitor the student’s attendance through an application in their android phone. Problem Statement Along with the study the team should consider the following concerns: * What makes automated attendance system better than the conventional method of attendance checking? What Smartphone would be the platform of this application? * How should the fingerprint biometric system failures be minimized to achieve higher system accuracy? SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY * University The study can help the university to have an automated attendance monitoring for the student. * Parents The study can help the parents to monitor the ir children if they are really attending their respective class. * Instructor The study can benefit the instructor for a more reliable attendance monitoring. * Future Researchers The study can benefit the future researchers as a guide and basis for future developments. This project Automated Student Attendance is aimed to be deployed as a fully automated attendance monitoring of a student enrolled in a particular class in the University of San Jose Recoletos. This project uses a fingerprint biometric scanner that is installed in the Computer Engineering laboratory to record attendance information of a student and sends it to the database. The fingerprint biometric scanner runs only in a 32-bit CPU and uses Windows XP as an operating system. During enrollment, only the administrators have the privilege to add student’s information and fingerprint. The Android mobile application for the student attendance monitoring is designed for an Android 2. 3 version (Gingerbread). Users of the said mobile application are required to have an Android phone and an internet connection to utilize the full functionality of it. Parents and teachers who wanted to use the Automated Student Attendance (ASA) mobile application are advised to see the administrator to acquire an activation code, so that they can create their accounts for the mobile application. Basically, a MySQL database allows you to create a relational database structure on a web-server somewhere in order to store data or automate procedures. [4]| Identification| Is a task where the biometric system attempts to determine the identity of an individual| Authentication| Is a task where the biometric system attempts to determine whether the person is indeed who he claims to be. | WebView| A  WebView  object is intended to support most features you would expect in a web browser except that it doesn’t implement the specific user interface for those features. 5]| WebServer| The  web Server  refers to a server machine which runs  web hosting  software and provides a  website hosting  service. [6]| AJAX| Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX). AJAX is a technique for creating fast and dynamic web pages. AJAX allows web pages to be updated asynchronously by exchanging small amounts of data with the server behind the scenes. [7]| PHP| PHP is a general-purpose scripting language that is used in creating Web pages, and can be embedded in  HTML  code. (PHP stands for Hypertext Preprocessor, even though the acronym doesnt match up exactly. [8]| Eclipse| Eclipse. org is an open consortium of software development tool vendors that has formed a community interested in collaborating to create better development environments and product integration. The focus of this project is to apply Mobile-application field, particularly in observing students’ attendance in schools by instructors and parents of the students, the prospective system will facilitate to teachers to make attendance in the class and save it in the database of the school, the head also can add student, and the all of them parents, teachers and head of the school can oversee their students during school hours. To achieve this goal, the study will adopt Object oriented development life cycle as a methodology, the four phases will be discussed in section of Research Methodology. Usability testing will be conducted to examine user’s satisfaction, lastly to document the models of prototype. [1] Scope[1]: In this research project system based WAP was developed for monitoring students in class during school hours. The system was including the following functions: * Input data of students into the system database. * Checking lists of student’s names. * Time of attendance * Update information regarding to the attendance. * Saving records of attendance in MS-SAS database management system. * Enabling the users to browse student for being present or absent. The Unique features of our system compare to this related literature: * Our system is applicable in Android Mobile Application * Parents can view or monitor the school attendance of their children. * Parents and teacher can view the daily and monthly attendance of the students. * Teacher and parents can download the monthly attendance of the student. Project Title: Attendance Management using Fingerprint Scanner Project Deployed: Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Author: Mohmd Zamzury Bin Abdullah Sani Year: 2008 Abstract This project is about the design and develops a reliable attendance tracking and recording system based on biometric fingerprint identification that can be used to monitor attendance of student. It will eliminate much of the problems and manual work associated with paper based system. This system will be developed with extended GUI by using Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 and integrate with Microsoft Fingerprint Reader. [2] Scope[2]: Generally, all projects have their own scope or limitation as a guideline. * Research on biometric fingerprint algorithm. Design the user-friendly interface with extended GUI using Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 programming language. * Develop the fully function software that can work on Microsoft Windows platform. The Unique features of our system compare to this related literature: * Our system is applicable in Android Mobile Application * Parents can view or monitor the school attendance of their children. * Parents and teacher can view the daily and month ly attendance of the students. * Teacher and parents can download the monthly attendance of the student. * Development of this project is developed using eclipse and java. The system will use LAN biometrics as basis of attendance checking Theoretical Background: Android Operating System The mobile development community is at a tipping point. Mobile users demand more choice, more opportunities to customize their phones, and more functionality. Mobile operators want to provide value-added content to their subscribers in a manageable and lucrative way. Mobile developers want the freedom to develop the powerful mobile applications users demand with minimal roadblocks to success. Finally, handset manufacturers want a stable, secure, and affordable platform to power their devices. Up until now single mobile platform has adequately addressed the needs of all the parties. Enter Android, which is a potential game-changer for the mobile development community. An innovative and open platform, Android is well positioned to address the growing needs of the mobile marketplace. This chapter explains what Android is, how and why it was developed, and where the platform fits in to the established mobile marketplace. [3] Android is an open source platform. Neither developers nor handset manufacturers pay royalties or license fees to develop for the platform. The nderlying operating system of Android is licensed under GNU General Public License Version 2 (GPLv2), a strong â€Å"copyleft† license where any third-party improvements must continue to fall under the open source licensing agreement terms. The Android framework is distributed under the Apache Software License (ASL/Apache2), which allows for the distribution of both open and closed source derivations of the source code. Commercial developers (handset manufacturers especially) can choose to enhance the platform without having to provide their improvements to the open source community.

The Slaughterhouse Five or the Childrens Crusades

The Slaughterhouse Five or the Childrens Crusades Free Online Research Papers Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. is a fourth-generation German-American now living in easy circumstances on Cape Cod (and smoking too much). As an American infantry scout and a prisoner of war, he witnessed the fire-bombing of Dresden, Germany, and survived to tell the tale. He grew up in the Midwest during the depression. He entered the American Infantry during World War II at the age of 18, was captured by the German forces, and watched the Allied bombers destroy Dresden, which was the main influence for The Slaughterhouse. The Slaughterhouse-Five or the Children’s Crusade, A Duty Dance With Death by Kurt Vonnegut is a schizophrenic story that shows one man traveling in time to learn the beauty of the connection of death and free will and is used by Vonnegut as a form of self cleansing. Though time travel is normally thought of as a psychotic abnormal adventure, Vonnegut’s main character Billy Pilgrim suffers from post-trauma psychosis, which causes him to violently toss him back and forth throughout the different times in his life. A medical article on DailyStrength.com says that: Post-traumatic stress disorder is a term for certain psychological consequences of exposure to, or confrontation with, stressful experiences that the person experiences as highly traumatic. These experiences can involve actual or threatened death, serious physical injury, or a threat to physical and/or psychological integrity. It is occasionally called post-traumatic stress reaction to emphasize that it is a routine result of traumatic experience rather than a manifestation of a pre-existing psychological weakness on the part of the patient. (Shapiro 1) This quote give proof to the idea that Billy Pilgrim has set up some kind of ideal post-trauma coping scheme. The only problem with this is that Billy can not control when or where he goes when he travels. Vonnegut states in the book â€Å"Billy Pilgrim has come unstuck in time. Billy is spastic in time, has no control over where he is going next, and the trips aren’t necessarily fun. He is in a constant state of stage fright, he says, because he never knows what part of his life he is going to have to act in next† (The Slaughterhouse 1:4). Vonnegut is stating in this quote that Billy has literally lost his mind and he will soon find out that life will never be same as his symptoms have taken control of him and he has fully given up to force of predestination. Early in the Slaughterhouse-Five or the children’s Crusade, Vonnegut sets a place where Billy Pilgrim soon learns about death and its connection with free will. Vonnegut takes the reader on a wild ride to a planet many millions of light years away called Tralfamadore. Billy explains what he learns on Tralfamadore: The most important thing I learned on Tralfamadore was that when a person dies he only appears to die. He is still very much alive in the past, so it is very silly for people to cry at his funeral. All moments, past, present, and future, always have existed, always will exist. The Tralfamadorians can look at all the different moments just the way we can look at a stretch of the Rocky Mountains, for instance. They can see how permanent all the moments are, and they can look at any moment that interests them. When a Tralfamadorian sees a corpse, all he thinks is that the dead person is in bad condition in that particular moment, but that the same person is just fine in plenty of other moments. (23) In this quote, Vonnegut is showing that life is in the eye of the beholder, that it’s only what it is made out to be. He shows that this so called, ‘Superior Race,’ can see a different side of life and death proving that when people die, that they are only dead in that particular moment, yet in different periods of time they are alive and well. Billy accepts this idea that is proposed by the Tralfamadorians almost instantaneously as he says â€Å"now, when I myself hear that somebody is dead, I simply shrug and say what the Tralfamadorians say about dead people, which is ‘So it goes’ (23). Vonnegut later explains in his own terms that the ideas the Tralfamadorians are exposing deal with fact that there is no such thing as free will. Free will is actually the practice of choice. Choosing certain destinations in life’s path and deciding which is more promising. Vonnegut explains that the law of life is predestination., that the act of choice is over-rated. A scholar from the on-line book Cliffs Notes says in a critical essay of the Slaughterhouse Five that â€Å"Over and over again, Vonnegut proclaims that there is no such thing as free will. Humankind is the slave of predestination, meaning that all human actions are prescribed before they occur. A person who chooses to do something is not really choosing at all-the choice is already made.† (Smith 55) With this in mind death is not portrayed or understood as a big deal to people because of course the war was going on and it was natural for people to die in war, plus since Billy is a soldier he has learned to accept that death is inevitable, especially since he witnessed his best friend Ed Derby shot by the firing squad. Time and time again Vonnegut refers to himself in the story yet in the beginning of the book he states that this is not a true story; yet he still shows up in the story proving how this book is really just an alliteration of a true story. Authors have different methods of exposing their feelings through the way they are writing, the Slaughterhouse-Five is Vonnegut’s attempt at getting his feelings for the bombing of Dresden out of his head and on to paper. According to an article done by Ray Boomhower â€Å"Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. tried for many years to put into words what he had experienced during that horrific event. At first, it seemed to be a simple task [†¦] it took hime more than twenty years† (Boomhower 2). He mentions himself in numerous accounts throughout the book. In one account of this Vonnegut mentions â€Å" â€Å"(). Maybe he just slid that in to give the readers a view from another soldier’s point of view. Vonnegut also mentions in his intervi ew with Simon Heselev, the producer of the audio reading of Slaughterhouse-Five that: Billy Pilgrim was a guy who-who looked like a filthy flamingo, and never should have been in the Army, and God knows not the infantry. His name was Edward Crone, and he died, in Dresden. He died of the ‘thousand mile stare‘ which is where he just sat with his back to the wall where he would not talk, would not accept food, and the Germans would do nothing to help him and uh, so he died [†¦] Edward Crone was the name of Billy Pilgrim and he just did not understand the war at all and what was going on, and of course there was nothing to understand he was right, he was utter gibberish. (Heselev 5:7) If it was not for Vonnegut saying himself that this story is about real people in his company, the only thing there would be is dry thoughts left up to the reader to analyze. Billy Pilgrim has led a very tiresome journey, growing up and joining the war and watching all his friends die; and traveling through time to see his own death over and over. Then learning from the Tralfamadorians that predestination controls free will and that death is not even close to what people think it is, that it is actually a-whole-other beauty in itself eventually helps Billy with his coping of death. Kurt Vonnegut has opened up a whole new realm of expressing feelings of a subject for his own personal gratification. Schizophrenic and stylish keeping the readers interested throughout the whole book.  Boomhower, Ray. â€Å"Kurt Vonnegut and Slaughterhouse Five.† Indiana Historical Society. 2006. 4 Dec. 2007. Shapiro, Jeremy F., and Sharon E. Orrange. â€Å"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.† Daily Strength. 2007. 4 Dec. 2007. The Slaughterhouse Five or the Children’s Crusade. Dir. Simon Heselev. Compact Disc. Wall Lizard Music, 2003. Read by Ethan Hawke. Smith, Dennis Stanton, and Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. Cliffs Notes On: Slaughterhouse-Five. Lincoln: John Wiley Sons., 1997. NetLibrary. OCLC. 4 Dec. 2007 Vonnegut, Jr., Kurt. Slaughterhouse-Five or the Children’s Crusade. New York: Seymour Lawrence/Delacorte, 1969. Research Papers on The Slaughterhouse Five or the Children's CrusadesHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayCapital PunishmentArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Effects of Illegal ImmigrationEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThree Concepts of PsychodynamicHip-Hop is ArtThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2

The history of the first crusade Research Paper

The history of the first crusade - Research Paper Example hy the crusades were started is that the Muslims had taken the holy land and this was causing problems for the Christian pilgrims who were trying to visit the holy land. The same article above stated that Pope Urban called the crusade â€Å"God’s will† to take the holy land back, and this inspired many to take up arms and go to the holy land for God, but long before the first sword was sharpened for this purpose, the Christian pilgrims were able to visit the holy land without problems despite it being occupied by the Muslims. Since there seemed to be no conflict, then why did the Pope order the crusade and name it â€Å"God’s Will†? The reason for this goes deeper than the Muslims occupying Jerusalem. Many reasons combined in order to prompt the calling of the crusade. According to the-orb.net, during this time, Alexius Comnenus, the eastern emperor noticed an advancing treat on his kingdom, the Seljuk Turks. This threat came after Europe’s survival of many other attackers such as the Magyars, Vikings, and Saracens. Fearing that the new threat would take over his City of Constantinople, the emperor sought allies to aid him in driving these Turks away. The ally that decided to help him was Pope Urban II. He had good reason to support the eastern emperor’s need of an army. One of these reasons is that at the time, according to the article, the eastern and western churches were split and Pope Urban needed to find a way to bring the two churches together. He was also please that the eastern Emperor chose him as an ally because, according to the article, the Holy Roman Emperor had set up a â€Å"rival† pope to manage in another issue, but he was chosen to aid the eastern Emperor. He gave the speech and promised remission of sins, the support of God and the church as... It is evident from the study that religion and conflict have gone hand in hand through out man’s history. People have been defending and fighting for what they believe for as long as records have been written, and these conflicts come in all sizes and forms, from the smallest and most peaceful arguments, to full-blown wars with fighting and bloodshed. Some have even speculated that most of the world’s major wars would not have happened if not for religion. This is very ironic since most, if not all religions teach their followers about peace and kindness towards their fellow man, but make no mistake about it, countless people have fought and died over their religious beliefs. This makes these kinds of struggles a very important and pivotal part of mankind’s history and can also be considered major contributors that shaped our civilization. This crusade is one of the most pivotal and discussed points of history. Not only did it begin the series of crusades that ch anged the face of Christianity, it also marked one of the most fervent defenses of religion in history. The resources that this paper has used present the reader with 3 different approaches to the story of the first crusade. On the one hand, we have an approach that creates a picture of a self-serving pope with political intentions, on the other hand, there is a picture of a pop and emperor attempting to defend their subservient people from an aggressive force, and the last approach shows us a more neutral side.

Sickle Cell Anemia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sickle Cell Anemia - Research Paper Example Individuals with two copies of the mutant version of the hemoglobin gene are likely to develop full-blown sickle cell anemia (Malowany 49). According to the Darwinian theory of evolution, the existence of sickle cell anemia in only certain geographical regions of the world particularly those prone to malaria is a good example of an evolutionary trade-off during the process of natural selection. In his book, the Origin of the species by natural selection, Darwin particularly outlined the steps of survival for the fittest by arguing that populations often show variations in virtually all traits and that certain variations can improve the survivorship of individuals or organisms(improving their fitness). On the other hand, the theory also suggests that the frequency of these variations may increase with each generation if they are heritable. The evolutionary trade-off between Sickle cell anemia and Malaria was first highlighted after the discovery that the geographical distribution for the sickle cell allele known as hemoglobin S was virtually overlapping with the geographical distribution of Malaria (Hiren 25). This is particularly based on the notion that sickle cell heterozygote are often resistant to malaria and therefore individuals with sickle cell traits have a survival advantage in Malaria prone regions such as West Africa as compared with individuals with normal hemoglobin. Malaria is a common tropical disease caused by a protozoan P. falciparum which is largely transmitted through mosquito bites. The protozoa then infect the red blood cells of the victim and multiply thereby becoming available for transfer to other susceptible individuals via mosquito bites. According to Tapper (134), malaria is a disease that has existed in Africa and other tropical regions for several millennia.

Marketing and Business plan Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing and Business plan - Coursework Example Services will be delivered to customers from the central office and at customers’ preferred location. Staff that will be hired will be trained to meet customers courteously and only those personals will be added to the team who are qualified and licensed architects. The Angles will focus on creating convenience and value for the customers. The advertising strategies will focus on print media as a medium to create awareness and promote offers and discounts to the target market. The target market will comprise of people belonging to the income levels of  £ 25,000 per annum. As understood by the management that architectural service is a onetime expense, The Angles will provide its customers with services at premium prices keeping in view the potential of target market. The Angles will be operate by the owner, Alex Ferguson, who is a qualified architect from Leeds and have experience of running businesses. He also has an experience of working in an architectural firm. The management of The Angles will minimize the operating costs by hiring employees according to the need of time. In this section, a comprehensive analysis of competitors in the architecture industry of UK, threat of new entrants, threat from buyers, threat from suppliers and threat of substitute products are presented (Hill and Jones 2009). The Angles would consider two architectural businesses in London as its major competitors. First one is the Designs, located in Central London. This architectural business offers one of the best services to its customer base dispersed all over UK and provides both online and personal visit facility to its customer base. The second major competitor of The Angles is Art Horizon which provides architecture services and consultation. The Art Horizon is specialized in providing architectural solutions to its customers keeping in view the demands of the modern times and the customers are provided with visual projection of their

Impact of Women in Government for Nigerian Democracy

Impact of Women in Government for Nigerian Democracy TIJANI, FATIMAH. A TITLE: Impact of Women Involvement In Governance and Political Leadership, Towards the Sustainable Democracy in Nigeria: 1999 – 2012. AN OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY: The focus of this qualitative phenomenological study is to explore the impact of the Nigerian woman in the involvement in governance and Political Leadership towards the sustainable democracy in the last three dispensations 1999-2012. It is no doubt that in such a patriarchal society as our women expenses such a large percentages of discrimination and marginalization in their quest for active participation. However, despite the recorded achievements of women’s rights advocates such as Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, Margaret Ekpo, and Gambo Sawaba, there continues to be an underrepresentation of Nigerian women in leadership and political positions (Asase, 2003; Qualls, 2003). Various challenges such as gender roles and stereotypes as well as structure of the political environment in Nigeria militate against the full participation of women in political and public life. Additionally, severe hindrances of gender inequality such as the underrepresentation and discrimination as a result of cultural, social, and political norms empower men at their expense (Okome, 2006; Okunna, 1996). As a result women are struggling to gain access, have a presence or be influential in the political process of the country. They are often in a poorer position than their male counterparts in the various spheres of politics. Though a growing number of women are members of the various political parties in Nigeria, very few occupy executive positions in these parties, only very few are given the opportunity to contest for elective positions and even fewer are appointed as members of the ruling cabinet. To this end, the findings from this research may provide the following information to; to provide strategies to help decision-makers reevaluate or develop programs designed to improve the quality of life for Nigerian women towards active participation, to provide enabling channel for the empowering of Nigerian women towards gender equality as well as those in similar societies as they continue striving to obtain gender equity. To provide insights regarding the importance of including women in governance and Political leadership roles. Finally the study will also explore the various influences and presence of women in the last three dispensation in Nigeria and the roles they have played towards sustainable democracy in the country despite the little opportunity they are given. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: The inferiority complex of the Nigerian women as to their active political involvement and representation constitute the crux of this Research. The gender stereotyping in Nigeria’s political system today has its genesis from the onset of colonialism in Nigeria. Making the western cultural notion of colonialism tied towards a patriarchal society which in turn is reflected in its male superiority within the Nigerians society today. The most crucial element of this research is that women are, and have been marginalized as well as sidelined in the political spheres of things in Nigeria and this current situation might cause some dangerous national catastrophe if not adequately managed. Indeed, women’s political involvement during the colonial times till date have contributed greatly towards shaping the Nigerian politics not only in democratic governance; but also during the pre-colonial era. Therefore, it will be unreasonable, and cruel to wish away the critical efforts of women in the making of Nigerian state while arrogating political powers to the male folk. It is also unjust to ascribe political seats only for the male folks in this state of globalization where the world is evolving and where the role, influence and charismatic preposition of the women in global politics is considered to be relevance and importance towards attainment of overall world peace, mutual co-existence and tranquility. In line with this I will be taking a look at the various stages of Nigerian political history and how women has been in some ways impacted to the sustainable democracy in Nigeria even when they are unimaginably sidelined, additionally ways to encourage their full participation into political posts in the country without prejudice. AIMS/PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: The followings are the reasons why I decided to embark on this research To examine the impacts of women in governance and political leadership towards the sustenance of democracy in Nigeria To elicit their challenges, experiences and contributions to the democratic process in Nigeria To look at the disparity between the involvement of women in governance, Leadership and politics in Nigeria, and to raise concern on the lack of gender equity in the transformed democratic practise in Nigeria enlighten about their human rights for involvement and participation. This research work will form part of the requirement for the degree of the Masters in International Relations. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: To bring to limelight ways/how Nigerian women are shattering the ceilings that limit and marginalize them in the Nigerian political scene. To provide information to help decision-makers reevaluate or develop programs designed to improve the quality of life for Nigerian women towards active participation. The findings from the study may provide insights regarding the importance of including women in governance and Political leadership roles. To serve as an avenue for further research study on the area of gender politics in the Nigerian Society. RESEARCH QUESTIONS What impact has the involvement of Nigerian women in governance and political leadership been able to add to the sustainable of democracy in the country? If more women participated in decision-making and active participation, what kind of difference would they make? What are the positions of political parties, government and other state institutions (including the three branches of government) on the role and participation of women in political and public offices? In what ways can women themselves contribute to reducing the challenges that hinder their effective participation in governance and politics in general? What lessons can be drawn from the research that would help decision-makers in general but especially political parties to address the problems of women’s participation in political and public life? What recommendations can be made to address the problems of women in politics and public offices? SCOPE OF STUDY: This study will be undertaken within the jurisdiction of the Federal Republic of Nigeria State. It will look into the impact of Nigerian women involvement in governance and political leadership towards the sustainable democracy in Nigerian politics within the last three dispensation i.e. from 1999-2012. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS According to Ogbeide (1996), hypothesis testing is a fundamental in activity in qualitative data analysis. The statement of a hypothesis take two means: null (H0) and research (H1). While null hypothesis indicates that there is no relationship between the variables under study, the research hypothesis indicated that there is a relationship between the variables. In this study two hypotheses will be tested as shown below: Hypothesis 1 H1: Women Involvement in Governance and Political Leadership, has been impactful towards the Sustainable Democracy in Nigeria H0: Women Involvement in Governance and Political Leadership, have not been impactful towards the Sustainable Democracy in Nigeria Hypothesis 2 H1: Women participation in decision-making will help faster development of the nation H0: Women participation in decision-making will not help the faster development of the nation. METHODOLOGY: In obtaining the required information for this research, the use of qualitative and quantitative means of data collections will be used, which means Data for the study will be carried out from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data will be administered through structured questionnaires on about 700 randomly selected female politicians, activists and professionals in government and dominant political parties cross-cutting through the six geo-political zones of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. This will be done in order to capture and document a cross-cutting opinion of the targeted groups in the respective geo-political zones on the situation regarding women’s role in politics and the democratic process in Nigeria. Additionally, scheduled interview schedules will be conducted with 10 purposively selected respondents who occupied key political leadership positions whose experiences has facilitated the documentation of women’s involvement in politics and the democratic process in Nigeria from 1999-2011. The use of academic research books, journals, and writes up from feminist scholars will be highlighted. As such, this research will take its bearing from the feminist ideologies concerning the status of women. THEORETÄ °CAL FRAMEWORK This research study will take its theoretical prospect from feminist ideologies which is concerned with the status of women in every spheres in general. Feminists are of the view that in comparison to men, women occupy disadvantaged positions in most elusive dimensions of our life. The work of two feminists idelogist will be of importance here; Walby (1990; 1997) and Chafetz (1990) will be briefly examined here with particular focus on the relationships they perceive exist between domestic and public economic life with regard to the creation and maintenance of gender inequalities. A BRIEF OUTLINE: (THESIS STRUCTURE) This study will comprise of six chapters. The introductory chapter which will provide us with an overview of what the research is going to be, the objectives, literature review, research method and also samples arguments on why gender equality in politics is essential. Chapter two examines of the historical dimension and position of women in Nigerian political history dating back to its precolonial, colonial as well as postcolonial times till date. It seeks to creates insight on the various contributions of women in governance though Nigerian political history which will help the focus of this research. The third chapter will analysis the data collected based on the field research, and opinion of selected respondents via interviews and questionnaires. Chapter four on the other hand will be focusing on the impact of women involvement in Nigerian politics vis-a-viz their quest for political participation. This chapter equally introduces the three major political parties in Nigeria; and using them as case study in order to fully capture the scope of political transition period, this research analyzes the contributions of political parties towards the poor participation and representation of women since independence till date. It highlights their role in representative democracy such as practiced in Nigeria today as well as various avenues they use to hamper women’s advancement in politics. Furthermore the fifth chapter will be taking a broader insight into the impact, ways and contributions adopted by the women in Nigeria in the last dispensations to encourage gender equality in political scene, the various national as well as international policies amongst other things and how these measures have been implemented. This chapter will also analyze the impact these measures have had on women advancement in the country’s politics as well as the hindrances they have been face with. Finally, the concluding chapter, will highlight some observations, recommendations on the findings as well as recommendations from various respondents for further research study. ORGANIZATION OF CHAPTERS CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Statement of the Problem Aims/Purpose/Objective of the Study Significance of the Study Research Questions Scope of the Study Hypothesis Methodology Theoretical Framework Delimitation (Scope) of the Study Literature Review Operational Defination of Terms Reference CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Introduction- Women in Nigerian Politics: An Overview 2.2 The 1979 and 1999 Nigerian Constitution and the Status of the Nigerian Woman in politics 2.3 Women in Pre-colonial Nigeria 2.4 Women in Colonial Nigeria 2.5 Women in Nigeria Today 2.6 The Problem of Colonial Legacy to Women’s Involvement in Nigeria Politics 2.6 Ferminist Theory in Perspctive 2.7 Arguments for gender-balanced Representation Reference CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY (DATA PRESENTAION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION) 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Research Design 3.3 Population 3.4 Sample and Sampling technique 3.5 Instrument for Data Collection 3.5.1 Personal Interview 3.5.2 Questionnaire 3.6 Data Analysis 3.7 Response to Questionnaire 3.8 Tabular Design of Questionnaire 3.9 Statistical Test of Hypotheses 3.10 Interpretation of Hypothesis 3.11 Summary Reference CHAPTER FOUR: CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS TO THE LEVEL OF WOMEN’S POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN NIGERIA TODAY AND THE ROLE OF PARTY POLITICS 4.1 An Overview of the concept ‘Participation’ in politics 4.2 The rise and structure of political parties in Nigeria 4.3 A brief background of the three major political parties in Nigeria 4.4 The position of women in the Nigerian political parties 4.5 Ways political parties inhibit women in Nigerian politics Reference CHAPTER FIVE: CONTRIBUTIONS OF WOMEN TO NIGERIAN POLITICS 5.1 Impacts of Nigerian Women Involvement in Nigerian Politics towards Sustainable Democracy 5.2 Barriers and Hinderances to Women Involvement women in Nigerian politics 5.3 Actors role in increasing womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s political participation 5.4 Other contributions towards women empowerment and gender equality in Nigeria Reference CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 6.1 Summary 6.2 Conclusion 6.3 Recommendations 6.4 Recommendations for Further Studies

Marriages in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essay -- essays resear

Marriage in the 19th century was a woman’s priority. Many times women married for social status or attraction but hardly ever for true love. In many cases the happiness of a marriage was based on whether the girl was beautiful and lively and the boy handsome and competent, and whether they were attracted to each other. Jane Austen would not believe that the happiness of marriage was based upon attraction, she believed it should be based upon love. In her novel Pride and Prejudice, she illustrates three main reasons for marriage, true love, attraction, and economics. The two main characters, Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy are an example of marriage for true love. They are two of the few characters in the book that have a successful marriage because of their love for one another. Their love made Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy put aside their prejudice, pride and social differences to marry. â€Å"I do, I do like him. I love him. Indeed he has no improper pride. He is perfectly amiable. You do not know what he really is, then pray do not pain me by speaking of him in such terms† (314). Elizabeth explains to her father that she is indeed madly in love with Darcy although her father thinks that she hates him. Elizabeth also said that it brought pain to her when her father spoke badly about Darcy. She tells her father that he doesn’t know Darcy’s real character and that he really is a good-natured and wonderful person despite what everyone thought. She then explains to her father all that Mr. Darcy has done for their family, Ly dia’s marriage and the payment of Wickham’s debt. Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy’s love was not brought out by appearances, because in the beginning of the book Mr. Darcy states that â€Å"She (Elizabeth) is tolerable, but ... ...onomic stability, which Charlotte can get with Mr. Collins. Elizabeth is very much against this marriage and knows that they won’t end up happy together. Though Mr. Collins and Charlotte are well-suited to each other, they are two very separate people and have no love at all in their relationship. Jane Austen exemplifies three reasons for marriage in her novel, Pride and Prejudice: marriage for true love, attraction, and economics. These three marriages are shown in the characters, Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy, Lydia and Mr. Wickham and Charlotte and Mr. Collins. Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy show that the real reason for marrying is true love, not for appearances like Lydia and Mr. Wickham, nor for economics like Charlotte and Mr. Collins. The characters who married for true love will always have a happy and loving marriage, those who married for other reasons, will not.

Belonging – the Simple Gift’ by Steven Herrick and Ort – the Ugly Duckling’ by Hans Christian Anderson

To belong is to fit in, or to be rightly placed in a specified position or environment. The idea of belonging is a dynamic and an essential aspect of human life which can come through, due to the connections made with the concepts of identity, place, relationships, acceptance and understanding to oneself and other people. These aspects of belonging are demonstrated through the free verse novel, ‘The Simple Gift’ by Steven Herrick, and the fairy tale of ‘The Ugly Duckling’ by Hans Christian Anderson. In the very early stages of ‘The simple gift', Herrick displays sixteen year old, Billy Luckett’s, sense of alienation by using his first person character to highlight social issues such as hostility within his family, leading it to break down, and his feeling of loneliness and worthlessness of identity. This is conveyed in the poem ‘Long lands Road’, where billy’s internal conflict is shown through his un-satisfaction of his original community in which he lived in and was a part of, leaving him disappointed and also a sense of embarrassment towards his identity. He states this clearly with the words, ‘My Street. My Suburb. ’, showing terms of ownership of the place in which his identity currently belongs too, but does not like, giving us a sense of in closure and displacement. This continues as he describes his street, as he throws rocks on the roof â€Å"of each deadbeat no-hoper shithole lonely downtrodden house in Long lands Road, Nowheresville†. The use of colloquialism of Billy’s vulgar language, further demonstrates Billy’s displacement, dislike and disappointment towards long lands road, symbolising a decaying and depressing environment. Billy then ends up taking control of himself and moving out of home. Billy then finds himself on a freight train, in search of a new place to go to, to try and gather a feeling of belonging. After travelling â€Å"two kilometres down the track†, he finds himself freezing cold. The harshness of the cold on the train indicates billy's insecurity about belonging and this indicates that Billy desires to feel warm and needed instead of cold and isolated. He then encounters the train driver, Ernie. Ernie see’s billy and has a conversation with him. He tells him to â€Å"make a cuppa if you want, and here’s some sandwiches, too much salad for my liking†¦ Keep warm; I’ve got a train to drive. † This making Billy feeling accepted and belonging, and being made feel at home by Ernie and a sense of warmth. Herrick has used juxtaposition to demonstrate how Billy has gone from being cold, to feeling a sense of warmth that he is now being comforted with Ernie to the town of Bendarat. Herrick also creates a contrast between billy’s dad and Ernie, â€Å"There are men like Ernie and there are other men, men like my dad. emphasizing Billy’s like for Ernie’s character, as Ernie makes Billy feel like he belongs. In the chapter of ‘Locks and Keys’ Old Bill gives the keys to the old home to Billy and Caitlin. This scene symbolises Old Bill giving over ‘the simple gift’ to Billy. It also gives Billy the feeling of being accepted by Old Bill and belonging. He also learns no t only to understand himself but to also understand Old Bill and Caitlin. Billy also understands how to identify his identity and sense of placement by realising â€Å"I can decide what I really want to do here in Bendarat†. In the last chapter, Denouements have been made, and loose ends have been tied up, where the relationships between Caitlin and Old bill are now stronger and reconnected. The relationship is symbolised through the motif of Old Bill and Bill sharing the Weet-Bix for breakfast. The words â€Å"and I looked up into the sky, the deep blue sky that Old Bill and I shared†, demonstrate that belonging can go far, and the relationship between Old bill and Billy can grow together stronger, as well as the identities of both characters are enabled to grow further, to enrich the self-worth, self-esteem and self-growth of the individuals. Similarly, In ‘The Ugly Duckling’, when the last duckling was hatched, the other ducks took a look at him and stereotyped and judged the duckling, â€Å"It is very large and not at all like the others. I wonder if it really is a turkey†. The duckling was left out of society, with the same sense of loneliness and displacement, because it was not the same as the rest of society. The mother duckling then took her ducklings down to the moat, to prove that the ugly duckling was a normal duckling. Despite all the judgment of the others, the mother took pride of her son, â€Å"see how nicely he uses his legs, and how straight he holds himself. The mother then tried to include her son into the community, â€Å"I’ll lead you out into the world and introduce you to the duck yard. † But there too, the duckling got mocked and taunted, â€Å"what and ugly looking fellow, He’s too big and strange†, lowering the ducklings self-esteem and self-worthiness. And again the mother stuck up for her son, â€Å"let him alone, He isn’t doing any harm. † The ugly duckling that, â€Å"looked so ugly was pecked and pushed about and made fun of†. Anderson has created a sense of sympathy from the audience from using emotive anguage and alliteration. It got so bad, that the ugly duckling got â€Å"chased and buffeted† by everyone including his brothers, sisters and even his own mother. He was â€Å"nipped†, â€Å"pecked†, and â€Å"kicked by the girl who fed him†. â€Å"So he ran away; and flew over the fence. † The use of action verbs create the scene of the duckling being a defenceless creature being forced to flee, as a result of the social rejection on all fronts. Similarly to Billy, as he left home as he was abused by his drunken father as well. After running through a great hunt, the ugly duckling had encountered a flock of birds that appeared out of the reeds. â€Å"The duckling had never seen birds so beautiful. They were dazzling white with long graceful necks. They were swans. They uttered a very strange cry as they unfurled their magnificent wings to fly from this cold land, away to warmer countries and to open waters† The use of bucolic language used by the composer to describe the swans triggers us to gain an insight of how much love the ugly duckling has for the creatures. Like the change in temperature Billy experiences on the train, the magnificent birds fly from the cold land that the ugly duckling is stuck on as it experiences unacceptance by others and not being able to belong in society, as the swans move into a more accepted, belonging environment together. He then had to go through â€Å"the hardships and wretchedness† of the cruel winter, to make it into the â€Å"beautiful springtime†. He swept through the air much strongly than before. He flew over the water and re encountered the â€Å"splendid swans†. Bowing his head, thinking he would be attacked and killed, seeing his mirrored self. And was â€Å"no longer the reflection of a clumsy, dirty, grey bird, ugly and offensive. He himself was a swan! † The composer has shown us that after all the hardships the ugly duckling had endured that, he finally found where he belonged. It was a place of acceptance amongst the other swans. After a life time of torcher and alienation he could be happy, because he belonged where he was loved. Belonging is not a set list that must include a connection to people, places, objects and to the wider world, but everyone’s idea of belonging is different but it involves a deeper emotional sense of fulfilment and connection made with yourself, the relationships you have, and with the wider world, but this is different for each person depending on their needs and life experiences, thus forming the foundation of an individual’s self-image, self-worthiness, self-esteem and self-growth.

buy custom Winning the Right War essay

buy custom Winning the Right War essay Abraham Lincoln was a presidential hopeful of the Republican Party during the pro-1860 presidential campaigns. The North and the South differed on very many issues, and on most occasions, the North won. This essay highlights the key causes of the Civil War. Lincoln was elected as the President of the Union on November 6, 1860. Southern states like Alabama, Louisiana, Georgia, Texas, South Carolina, Mississippi, and Florida seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate (Wattenberg, Martin, and Lineberry 77). However, in his inaugural speech, Lincoln stated that he had not intentions of abolishing slavery or the Fugitive Slave Law. This statement angered the Northerners and by mid-April 1861, the Confederacy attacked Fort Sumter, and the federal forces retaliated, marking the launch of the Civil War. The primary factor that led to the war was economic disparities between the North and the South. During his presidential campaign, Lincoln used anti-slavery as his platform, an ideology that did not appeal to the Southerners. The Souths economy was based on plantation agriculture, and their main produce was cotton, a crop that was valued like gold both in the domestic and international market. Owners of huge plantations were very keen to sustain their rich lifestyle, thus; their heavy reliance on slavery. On the contrary, the North relied on industries and commerce and declined to use slavery as a source of labor. Most of the northerners controlled and owned ships, and trade routes, a very lucrative business at the time. They paid for labor and all the expenses in their commercial activities and industries. They felt that the southerners had an unfair edge, over them because they did not pay for labor. This difference in opinion could have been one of the causes that led to the Civil War. Although the South used free slavery, the North was in a better position financialy. The North had nothing to lose because they did not rely on slavery. In the Constitution and Declaration of Independence, all human beings were supposed to be free. Slavery was a very controversial issue because many people especially Northerners did not understand how a nation based on human freedom could allow slavery. Slavery was a key issue in the economic welfare of the South and abolition of the institution was out of order. The second issue involved taxation. The Rights of the Individual States was at risk over the issue of taxation. The Union demanded that, every state should collect taxes and deliver the revenue to the national government. Every state demanded that they should have representatives both in the Congress and in the House of Representatives. Although this happened, there was some element of dissatisfaction among people. Most of the Southerners felt that their voice was not heard in the national government. The South wanted lower taxes and subsidies because they grew crops like cotton that could not thrive in the North. They also felt that, the North priced their agricultural produce lowly, in a bid to control their financial well-being. The third issue was the differences sparked by the federalism versus the anti-federalism debate. In 1787, the novel Constitution was presented for ratification (Kennedy 82). Issues on interpretation of the Bill of Rights, a republic government, and the independence of the states had taken centre stage. This led to the formation of federalists (those who supported the ratification of the new constitution) and the anti-federalist (those against the constitution). Federalists included John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison while anti-federalists included Thomas Jefferson, George Clinton, Patrick Henry, and Elbridge Gerry. Federalists wrote articles in support of the Constitution (federalist papers) while anti-federalists wrote articles against the constitution (anti-federalist papers). In 17888, Federalists won, and George Washington was elected President with John Adams as his deputy. They took office in 1789 and went on to establish the first Congress and military machinery. Washington appointed Alex Hamilton as the Treasury Secretary while Thomas Jefferson was appointed as the State Secretary. Federalists like Hamilton wanted a powerful federal government while Jefferson wanted states to have more power than the federal government and a strong Bill of Rights. Hamilton proposed that the national government should clear debts owed by the states while Jefferson opposed because most Southern states had paid while the Northern states were slow in repaying the debt. The debts were paid and the government gave in to the demands of the south by moving the Capital of the Union from New York to the South of River Potomac, the current location of Washington D.C. (Gordon 17). Another main issue that caused extreme political differences between the federalists and anti-federalists was the creation of a national bank. Hamilton and his supporters used a loose clause in Article I to create a national bank. The anti-federalists argued that such a bank would put the elite close to a reserve meant for many people. In case of lack of control, the outcome would be very detrimental to the economy. The anti-federalists also opposed the imposition of tariffs on states. These tariffs were meant to act as a source of revenue for the federal government but the bill did not pass (Wood 536-537). In conclusion, economic issues like the use of slaves in the south led to growing tensions over an unfair labor advantage. The North relied on commerce and controlled the prices of commodities produced by the South. The South felt that they were targeted since they did not have economic subsidies and had to pay taxes. The strength that the Federalists had in the national government was not well accepted by the South and all these factors sparked Civil War. Buy custom Winning the Right War essay

Shakespeares Tempest essays

Shakespeare's Tempest essays Life is a dreamlike play set upon a stage. The beauty of this life lies in the hour of peacethat of sweet slumber. William Shakespeare observes, "we are such stuff/ As dreams are made on, and our little life/ Is rounded with a sleep" (4.1.156-158). This implication serves to explain that life is but a dream, to perturb it then will only lead to misery. From the juxtaposition of many characters in The Tempest, nightmares and dreams come to life in everyday morality where moral characters emerge with a more successful life than those who lack virtue. By forcefully claiming a throne that did not rightfully belong to him, Antonio eventually offsets the hatred of Prosperos heart, leading to the awakening of his dream. On the uninhabited island that Prospero luckily comes ashore to after being cast to sea by Antonio, he remains satisfied with the conditions that even though he has no control of Milan, he still reigns over Miranda, Caliban, and Ariel. During these moments when Prospero is able to exert his power over others, he is happy... and at peace, which allows him to reside in the delicate dream of control. However, when Prospero first conceives that his brother is sailing by the island where he now inhabits, he mistakenly absorbs this incidence as some bountiful Fortune (1.2.176); he proclaims, By accident most strange [...] I find my zenith doth depend upon/ A most auspicious star, whose influence/ If now I court not, but omit, my fortunes/ Will ever after droop (1.2.176-183). Hence, Prospero awakens from his dream to cl aim what he considers a fortunate coincidence by acting on immoral means to seek revenge in the play. At that moment, Prosperos peaceful dream alters to the development of a nightmare by seeking revengea nightmare enveloping some turbulent awakening of his dream. From ambitions and wants, Shakespeare insists that one will awaken to a "Brim full of sorrow and dis...

International Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International Management - Essay Example Interaction of these companies with local companies can act as the basis through which ideas, knowledge and skills are shared. These companies are quick to share their developmental aspects, and in so doing local companies can access a gateway through which they can better their technologies given their level of output production. Knowledge transfer can contribute to the performance of local companies. Many local companies are hardly exposed to the operations and modes of business of industrious multinational companies. Transfer of knowledge from highly effective international companies is likely to impact positively on the operations of local companies3. Improved knowledge base would boost resource allocation decisions and further impact on cost minimization with maximization of revenues being the sole objective4. Achievement of the three factors guarantees a highly effective and efficient business performance. Taking products to foreign markets is another internalization factor. This constitutes cross-border trade. In other words, international trade will proliferate. Meeting international quality standards of goods and services is the fundamental underlying factor in this aspect. International prices of goods and services are always better than the domestic prices5. The profit motive for producing and manufacturing companies drives them towards adopting the right production techniques in order to maintain a constant supply of goods and services in the international markets, while at the same time satisfying the domestic

Changes and trends in the external market for Crown Hotel and Casino Assignment

Changes and trends in the external market for Crown Hotel and Casino - Assignment Example re process of formulating a workable strategic management plan for understanding changes and trends in the external market and how to address challenges that may arise. Over the past, the Casino and Hotel industry has grown in spite of competition from other companies and online gambling sites. Income is estimated to increase by rough a compound annual 2.8% over the last five years through 2014-2015. A greater per capita betting outflow has been instrumental in terms of financial performance, with customersindicating high demand for more gaming services. Additionally, the increase in discretionary income levels has further played an essential role for revenue growth. This is attributed to its customers having spent more money on non-essential services such as casino gambling services. Political factors play an essential role as companies such as the Crown Hotel and Casino strive to gain competitive advantage in the present intricate market. Government policies remain a major challenge for Crown since government decisions affect the daily running of business at Crown. These policies attempt to control how Crown should carry out its gambling services to a diverse range of consumers from different countries. For instance the government of China has been against excessive gambling and limiting gambling opportunities for Chinese citizens in their own country may prompt them to venture into gambling in other parts of the world such as Australia thus an increase in Crown Hotel and Casino business owing to its prestige and big image. In many organizations, political factor licensing plays a significant role in determining the success of Crown. According to Business review weekly: BRW, Casino is believed to raise 18% of Australia’s $19 billion from gambling industr y alone (2001, p 2). However, it is essential to highlight on how they are run and regulated. In this regard, Crown Casino has gone under the radar since it focuses on gambling in pubs and clubs. It raises